Cancer is a broad group of diseases that can begin in nearly any organ or tissue when abnormal cells multiply uncontrollably.
These cells can grow beyond their usual boundaries, invading nearby areas or spreading to other parts of the body, a process known as metastasis, which is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Other common terms for cancer include neoplasm and malignant tumor.
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Globally, cancer is the second leading cause of death, responsible for an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018, which equates to 1 in every 6 deaths.
Among men, the most prevalent cancers are lung, prostate, colorectal, stomach, and liver. For women, breast, colorectal, lung, cervical, and thyroid cancers are most common.
The global cancer burden continues to rise, placing significant physical, emotional, and financial stress on individuals, families, communities, and healthcare systems.
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This is especially challenging in low- and middle-income countries, where many health systems lack the resources to provide timely and effective cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, in countries with well-developed healthcare systems, survival rates are improving due to early detection, quality treatment, and comprehensive care for cancer survivors.
Prevention
Between 30% and 50% of cancer deaths could be avoided by addressing key risk factors and using proven prevention strategies. Reducing the cancer burden also involves early detection and effective management of those diagnosed with cancer.
Prevention remains the most cost-effective long-term approach for controlling cancer.
Here are some important steps to help prevent cancer:
- Avoid tobacco in all forms, including cigarettes and smokeless tobacco.
- Maintain a healthy weight.
- Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
- Exercise regularly.
- Limit alcohol consumption.
- Practice safe sex.
- Get vaccinated against hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV).
- Minimize exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
- Limit exposure to unnecessary ionizing radiation, such as occupational hazards and ensure the safe use of radiation in medical settings.
- Avoid air pollution and indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels.
- Receive regular medical check-ups.
Additionally, certain chronic infections increase the risk of cancer, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
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