Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection primarily caused by viruses or bacteria. It can range from mild to severe and poses a risk to individuals of all ages, but it is particularly alarming as the leading infectious cause of death in children worldwide.
In 2017, pneumonia claimed the lives of over 808,000 children under the age of five, representing 15% of all deaths in this age group.
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Additionally, adults over 65 and individuals with preexisting health conditions are also at higher risk for pneumonia.
The lungs contain tiny air sacs called alveoli, which inflate with air during normal breathing. However, when pneumonia occurs, these alveoli fill with pus and fluid, resulting in painful breathing and reduced oxygen absorption.
Pneumonia is typically spread through direct contact with infected individuals.
Vaccination can play a key role in preventing pneumonia.
Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of pneumonia can vary based on its severity and may include:
- Coughing
- Difficulty breathing
- Fever accompanied by sweating and shaking chills
- Fatigue
- Chest pain
- Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
- Confusion, particularly in older adults
Treatment
Pneumonia can be treated with antibiotics when caused by bacteria, with amoxicillin dispersible tablets being the preferred choice.
Most pneumonia cases require oral antibiotics, typically prescribed at health centers.
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Trained community health workers can also diagnose and treat many cases with affordable oral antibiotics at the community level.
Hospitalization is usually reserved for severe pneumonia cases.
In addition to medication, rest and proper hydration can aid recovery.
Individuals of all ages can lower their risk of pneumonia by:
- Getting vaccinated: Immunizations against Hib, pneumococcus, measles, influenza, and whooping cough (pertussis) are the most effective preventive measures.
- Washing hands: Practicing good hygiene, including frequent handwashing—especially when caring for sick individuals or after blowing your nose—helps prevent the spread of germs.
- Addressing environmental factors: Reducing indoor air pollution by providing access to clean indoor stoves and avoiding smoking can significantly lower risk.
- Maintaining a healthy lifestyle: A balanced diet, regular exercise, and sufficient rest contribute to overall well-being.
- Ensuring adequate nutrition: Proper nutrition is essential for strengthening natural defenses, starting with exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life.
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